The History of Cake Essay examples -- Food and Drink

The tale of cover is a very long and complicated history and the origins of it are not known by many people. How did all of the traditions related to cake start? Why is cake round? What were the first cakes made of? Cakes have been discovered and recorded throughout history. To honor the true ancestors of the cake as we know it, one would have to look back to before modern civilization to when people were still mostly change of location nomads. Their main source of sustenance had always been meat. However, people could not rely on meat alone to keep them alive since that depended upon always being encircled by animals. When farming was started man began growing many different types of produce, one of which was wheat and grains. The most primitive people in the world began making cake shortly after learning how to make flour. In fact, the remains of their cakes have been found in the ruins of Neolithic villages. The cakes found there were extremely simple and consisted of broken in grains that were moistened, compacted, and probably cooked on a hot stone. (Stradley, 1) The cakes then were closer to crackers though than the cakes we know of now, but they were definitely the beginning of the idea. The word cake is say to have been used as early as the 13th century and is derived from the word kaka, an old Norse word for a baked flour concoction sweetened with sugar or honey. According to food historians, the first people to show modern baking skills were the Egyptians, who started the concept of filling their breads with nuts and fruits. (the story of birthday Cake, 1) After the Egyptians, the Greeks and Romans both started their concept of cake, which will be discussed later. After them the English and their neighbors began... ...chy and can never be known for certain due to their long history but they have definitely helped with many celebrations throughout the years. Works CitedHistory of Birthday Cake. Birthday Gifts,Anniversary Gifts,Send Flower s to India,Rakhi Gifts, Diwali Gifts,Send Gifts to India. Web. 16 Jan. 2012. .Lynne, Oliver. Cake History Notes. Food Timeline Food History & Vintage Recipes. Foodtimeline. Web. 14 Jan. 2012. .Stradley, Linda. Cakes-History of Cakes. Whats Cooking America, Cooking Recipes, Food History, Dinner Party Menus and Recipes, Health and Beauty Articles, Culinary Dictionary, Baking Hints, Cooking Tips. Web. 15 Jan. 2012. .Krondl, Michael. Let Them down Cake Sweet Invention A History of Dessert. Chicago, IL Chicago Review, 2011. Print.

Mr Collins: Character Review :: Free Essay Writer

Mr collins Character ReviewWe first hear of Mr Collins, one of Mr Bennets removed cousins, in a garner addressed to the family lifespan in the house which after Mr Bennets death will become his own. In this letter he sounds very pompous, irrelevantly reiterating and repeating the name of his patron, Lady Catherine de Bourgh. Mr Collins is honest that he has an ulterior motive for wanting to stay at Longbourn he wishes to take the hand of one of the Bennet sisters in a marriage which would ensure that at least one daughter of Mr Bennet would remain comfortable, living at Longbourn as Mrs Collins. He does not ask to stay at Longbourn, he expects his stay to be welcomed, and even desired, by the Bennet family. I remain, dear sir, with respectful compliments to your lady and daughter this quote shows how ingratiating Mr Collins is a side of his character which the reader sees more readily during the wait of the novel. Having previously thought Mr Collins was an odious man, Mrs Bennet is quick to change her mind after Mr Collins made compliments towards her daughter (and herself) in the letter. Upon arrival at Longbourn Mr Collins assures that the young ladies I come prepared to admire. The word prepared in this quote gives the implication that Mr Collins does nonentity in a rash manner and has everything planned in what appears to be quite a sly way. Once inside the house Mr Collins begins to commend each and every item of furniture within it. Mrs Bennet would on any other occasion have been delighted at this, besides she knows that when Mr Collins entails the estate all that he admires will be his own. Mr Collins believes that by ingratiating Mrs Bennet about her house he will please her, but this begins to vex her a fair deal. The girls were not the only objects of Mr Collins desire, here we can see that Mr Collins views the girls as nothing more than materialistic, as objects. By the evening, Mr Collins is getting somewhat tiresome as he eloquently praise s his patron, Lady Catherine de Bourgh, with great vivacity and unstoppabledetermination. Lady Catherine was reckoned proud by some(prenominal) people Mr Collins cannot see that Lady Catherine is proud because he is proud himself and rates Lady Catherine very highly perhaps high enough to secure a little, or is Lady Catherines case a lot, of pride.

Responsibility in Fred Gipsons Old Yeller Essay -- Fred Gipson Old Ye

Responsibility in Fred Gipsons aging YellerResponsibility may be defined as a form of trustworthiness the trait of being answerable to someone for something or being responsible for ones conduct. (www.thefreedictionary.com) Responsibility is shown each done Fred Gipsons novel Old Yeller about a family living in the sedate wilderness in 1860. The young arduous instituteing Travis, his loving engender and the loyal dog Old Yeller all show responsibility. Travis has many responsibilities when his father left for the cattle drive and he must work hard to take kick of his family. Papas chores werent easy. Marking their hogs was a muss of hard work. Old Yeller and Travis work in concert to mark all thirty hogs. The job gets dangerous when the two get hurt badly from the dotty hogs. In addition to marking the hogs Travis in addition had to supply aliment to his family. Killing a deer on the run Travis feels proud and important supplying food to his family. Above all Travis had t o keep the varmints out of the corn patch. Again Travis and Old Yeller work together staying up at all hours of the night flake off the varmints in the corn patch. Travis working hard and his responsibility was not enough for the family. Mama also had to work hard for the familys survival.Hard work was a big part of the familys survival but the family also needed loving care supplied by Mama. Mama showed her loving care by keeping her family well fed. When Bud Sanderson comes to claim Old Yeller Mama ma... Responsibility in Fred Gipsons Old Yeller Essay -- Fred Gipson Old YeResponsibility in Fred Gipsons Old YellerResponsibility may be defined as a form of trustworthiness the trait of being answerable to someone for something or being responsible for ones conduct. (www.thefreedictionary.com) Responsibility is shown all through Fred Gipsons novel Old Yeller about a family living in the dangerous wilderness in 1860. The young hard working Travis, his loving mother and the loyal dog Old Yeller all show responsibility. Travis has many responsibilities when his father left for the cattle drive and he must work hard to take care of his family. Papas chores werent easy. Marking their hogs was a lot of hard work. Old Yeller and Travis work together to mark all thirty hogs. The job gets dangerous when the two get hurt badly from the mad hogs. In addition to marking the hogs Travis also had to supply food to his family. Killing a deer on the run Travis feels proud and important supplying food to his family. Above all Travis had to keep the varmints out of the corn patch. Again Travis and Old Yeller work together staying up at all hours of the night fighting off the varmints in the corn patch. Travis working hard and his responsibility was not enough for the family. Mama also had to work hard for the familys survival.Hard work was a big part of the familys survival but the family also needed loving care supplied by Mama. Mama showed her loving care by ke eping her family well fed. When Bud Sanderson comes to claim Old Yeller Mama ma...

Spain Essay -- essays research papers

SpainSpain, a country occupying the greater part of the Iberian Peninsula,and bounded on the brotherhood by the Bay of Biscay, France, and Andorra, and on theeast by the Mediterranean Sea. The Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean and theCanary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Africa argon governed asprovinces of Spain. Also, Spain administers two small exclaves in MoroccoCeutaand Melilla. The argona of Spain, including the African and insular territories,is 194,885 sq mi. Madrid is the pileus and largest city. universe of discourseThe Spanish people are essentially a mixture of the indigenous peoples of theIberian Peninsula with the successive peoples who conquered the peninsula andoccupied it for extended periods. These added ethnologic elements include the popishs, a Mediterranean people, and the Suevi, Vandals, and Visigoths, Teutonicpeoples. Semitic elements are also present.Population CharacteristicsThe population of Spain at the 1991 census was 38,872,268. The estimate for 1995is 39,276,000, giving the country an overall density of about 202 per sq mi.Spain is increasingly urban, with more than 80 percent of the population intowns and cities.Principal CitiesThe capital and largest city is Madrid (population, greater city, 1991,3,010,492), also the capital of Madrid autonomous region the second largestcity, chief port, and commercial center is Barcelona, capital of Barcelonaprovince and Catalonia region. Other important cities include Valencia, capitalof Valencia province and Valencia region, a manufacturing and railroad centerSeville, a cultural center Saragossa, and Bilbao (369,839), a busy port. religious beliefRoman Catholicism is professed by about 97 percent of the population. Thecountry is divided into 11 metropolitan and 52 suffragan sees. In addition, thearchdioceses of Barcelona and Madrid are directly responsible to the Holy See.Formerly, Roman Catholicism was the established church, but the 1978 composition decreed that Spain shall have no state religion, while recognizingthe role of the Roman Catholic church in Spanish society. There are smallcommunities of Protestants, Jews, and Muslims.Higher EducationSpanish institutions of higher education enrolled nearly 1.3 million students inthe early 1990s. The major universities of Spain include the University ofMadrid, the Polytech... ...ed the ETA, which stepped up its terrorist activities.Meanwhile, Catalans pushed for greater control over local affairs, and demandedgreater language rights. The use of Catalan and nationalist sentiments increasedin and around Barcelona. The Galicians consistently distanced themselves fromMadrid, though ethnoregionalism remained weaker in Galicia than in eitherCatalonia or Basque Country. Surez governed through consensus, consulting allnonextremist parties when formulating basic policy. Catalonia and the BasqueCountry were granted home rule, and their languages were officially recognized.The constitution extended similar priv ileges to 15 other regions. Thus, themovement toward political centralization begun by Ferdinand and Isabella some500 years earlier was reversed, and a Spain of autonomous communities wascreated.In recent years, concerns over Spains environmental problems have grown. Thecountry has experienced increased air-pollution problems in Madrid and along thenortheastern coast, water pollution in unsophisticated and coastal areas, and soilerosion. Controversies arose over rapid development along the Mediterraneancoast and threats to scenic attractions.

Human Rights Essay -- American Politics, Government Bill

homo rights refer to the natural or basic rights and freedoms to which all people atomic number 18 entitled to. Traditionally, the rights and freedoms of citizens were protect by an Act of Parliament or by the judges in developing the common law. Prior to World War II, the rule for the protection of piece right and freedom was drafted in 1950s by the Council of Europe. It was drafted because of disgust with fascism and an anxiety to protect basic freedom. On 1953, it has developed to become an international treaty, which all 47 countries of the continent of Europe are bound by the European Convention of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 1950, also known as ECHR. United Kingdom (UK) was angiotensin converting enzyme of the first countries to sign the Convention in November 1950. Although it entered into force in the UK on 3rd Sept 1953, UK chose not to incorporate its terms into domestic law. Therefore UK was except bound to ECHR on the matter of international law and not w ithin the domestic legal system. During 1960s, there are few parties concerned had campaigned for the enactment for Human Rights Act in UK. These parties are the commentators and public interest groups. However, due to several criticisms and the reluctant of UK government to pass such legislation, the HRA did not enact until 1998. Though the convention did not incorporate into domestic law, UK did recognize the authority of European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) to hear and adjudicate complaints from UK citizens. In 1997, the newly elected Labour political science promised to introduce a human right bill to Parliament. As a result, The Human Right Act 1998 received Royal Assent on 9 November 1998 and came into full effect in the UK on 2nd Oct 2000. For the past 20 years or so, UK governments ha... ...om of expression of a political party contravenes racial secernment or the right to life of a foetus overrides the mothers right and liberty. Some would argue that question which con cern with political should not be answered by the judiciary but the politician. Otherwise, the judiciary will become politicized.Some academic argued that merely granting rights does not necessary means individual freedom and empowerments are secure. The right granted must supported by economic and social provision. Imbalance in power in society means that the powerful butt take advantages on those who are less powerful. For example, equal payment of women in work may results the employers to recruit more of the male workers. Therefore, it might be that Britain nozzle of rights is not as powerful as Human Rights Act 1998 to protect the individual freedom and rights.In summary,

Dangers of Fast Food Essay -- Essays on Fast Food

Its quick, its convenient, its delicious. Fast food is the most popular quick-service nourishment. It plays an important roll in the lives that we human beings so perfectly laid out for ourselves. Why try cooking when you can cause food at a much faster crop? To most people, fast food is the answer to all of our problems. It is good in every possible way, or is it? Although some might deny the consequences, we all jazz there is a steep price to pay. So here by today, I am asking you to have a closer look at the hidden dangers. In my opinion, we should free the world of fast food because, not only are they adding the amount of cruelty to animals and draining money out of our pockets, theyre withal taking great risk of the health of jillions of people. Ever since the world?s first fast food restaurant started business, it has been responsible for the death of 50 billion animals worldwide each year. It?s an astounding number, yet the slaughtering is still increasing rapidl y. The irresistible taste of heaven keeps the cash coming in, and keeps the people addicted. ?Meat is an indwelling part of our food-chain.? One might say. ?We can?t all live our lives being vegetarians? It?s true that we can?t stop the butchering of animals. only if if you were to witness the horrifying pictures of slaughter houses, you?d think differently. The pigs all have their skin sliced open to revel the organs, while chickens hang with their furless wings flapping. simply because of our selfish needs, we?re treating them with violence and cruelty. It is time for some real action, to correct our mistakes. It was wrong in the first place, to slaughter others for our own benefits. And it would be more so, if we get dressed?t put a stop to it. And because we humans are... ... convenience, and forget all the dangers? Do we want to pay the price of our physical condition just for cave in tasting food? If we get rid of fast food, we can not only help people make healthier cho ices, but also tho the lives of millions of people.Having fast food makes our lives more convenient in all ways. You no longer have to wait in long line ups, and can get food at a much fast rate. Yet, how can we still permit fast food when it is doing harm to our society? They no only gain the slaughtering and death of billions of animals, but are also costing us more than we can afford. But not important of all, they are putting millions of lives at risk. retributory for a quicker and more delicious meal. We must forbid fast food from ever reaching the shelves. And every time you open up a package of MacDonald?s ask yourself this question. ?Am I making the right choice

Dangers of Fast Food Essay -- Essays on Fast Food

Its quick, its convenient, its delicious. Fast fodder is the most popular quick-service nourishment. It plays an important roll in the lives that we humans so utterly laid out for ourselves. Why try cooking when you can get nutrient at a much unwaveringer rate? To most people, fast food is the answer to all of our problems. It is good in every possible way, or is it? Although some might deny the consequences, we all know there is a steep price to pay. So here by today, I am asking you to have a closer look at the hidden dangers. In my opinion, we should free the world of fast food because, not only are they adding the amount of cruelty to animals and draining money out of our pockets, theyre also taking p severallyy risk of the health of billions of people. Ever since the world?s first fast food restaurant started business, it has been responsible for the death of 50 billion animals worldwide each year. It?s an astounding number, yet the slaughtering is still increasing rapidly. The irresistible taste of heaven keeps the cash coming in, and keeps the people addicted. ?Meat is an essential part of our food-chain.? sensation might say. ?We can?t all live our lives being vegetarians? It?s true that we can?t stop the besideschering of animals. But if you were to witness the flagitious pictures of slaughter houses, you?d think differently. The pigs all have their skin sliced open to revel the organs, while chickens hang with their furless wings flapping. Just because of our selfish needs, we?re treating them with violence and cruelty. It is time for some real action, to correct our mistakes. It was wrong in the first place, to slaughter others for our own benefits. And it would be more so, if we don?t compose a stop to it. And because we humans are... ... convenience, and forget all the dangers? Do we want to pay the price of our physical condition just for better tasting food? If we get rid of fast food, we can not only help people make healthier choices, but also save the lives of millions of people.Having fast food makes our lives more convenient in all ways. You no longer have to wait in long line ups, and can get food at a much fast rate. Yet, how can we still permit fast food when it is doing harm to our society? They no only increase the slaughtering and death of billions of animals, but are also costing us more than we can afford. But not important of all, they are putting millions of lives at risk. Just for a faster and more delicious meal. We must forbid fast food from ever reaching the shelves. And every time you open up a package of MacDonald?s ask yourself this question. ?Am I making the right choice

Explain the Purpose of Hermeneutics

The primary adopt of Hermeneutics is to determine and understand the meaning of scriptural textual matter. The purpose of Hermeneutics is to bridge the gap between our minds and the minds of the Biblical writers through a thorough knowledge of the original languages, ancient history and the comparison of Scripture with Scripture. Through Hermeneutics, Biblical Interpretation drop be achieved in three ways historically, the message and the doctrine. The al-Quran is totally authoritive and inspired by God, however is it propositional or non?To be propositional means that God reveals reliable truths at which we respond in accepting these truths. These certain truths may be found in scripture, creeds and or the teachings of the church. Non-propositional approach emphasise God revealing himself at which we respond with credence being a personal belief in God, resulting in us developing specific ideas and or propositions about God. A non-propositional emplacement regards the al- Quran is a source book of many different accounts of human response to the divine.In Hermeneutics, there be three, among many, significant schools of thought which we are in general concerned fundamentalism, liberal approach, and traditional definitions of Scripture. Fundamentalism was first used in the beginning of the 20th century, whose aim was to preserve what they saw as the fundamentals of the Christian faith from being eroded by liberal thinking. The fundamentals included the following beliefs the divinity of Jesus meaning he was fully God, that Gods last judgement and the existence of heaven and hell and the physical resurrection of Jesus, among others.Fundamentalists believed in the doctrine of plenary verbal inspiration, this is the understanding that, the record is the actual word of God to the terminus that it was dictated by God, word for word, to the people who wrote it down. To the fundamentals, the Bible is fascinaten as being inspired or breathed by God in a film and unmediated fashion, meaning the actual writers of the Bible are just conduits and God is the actual author as it is Gods words that they are included, and so God is the words of the writers.Fundamentalists would declare that their view of the Bible can be found in the words of the Bible itself. Similarly Fundamentalists may argue that the Bible itself makes a garner statement of its own dependability. Since the Bible is regarded as being entirely the work of God and that God is the author it is inerrant meaning it can never be changed, questioned or challenged, to do so means youre challenging God himself. With this idea that the Bible goes without error goes beyond the concept that it is with theological error.Rather the belief of inerrancy includes freedom from geographical, historical and scientific error as well. The second school of interpretation is all-inclusiveism. This grew out of the discussion amongst rationalism and authoritarianism. The Liberal organisation of Hermeneutics suggests that the modern mentality was to govern someones approach to scripture, such as, if anything was not in harmony with educated morality, it was rejected, for example Biblical concepts such as hell, sin and depravity as they offend moral sensitivities, and could not believe that their God could punish them in such a way.The Liberal method of Hermeneutics allows the Bible to be open for criticism like any other scripture, for example, miracles are not always to be accepted as they are not of certain truths and are not scientific. Another approach the Liberal system suggest is that the scriptures text itself could be rearranged, for instance in authoritive order the fair play comes first however it may be argued that shouldnt it be ordered by the times in which they were written? The reason behind this approach is that the Liberal method rejects all forms of inspiration.For a Liberal interpreter of the Biblical, the concept of revelation is redefined to mean h uman insight into religious truth. One of the consequences of the liberal school of interpretation is that the content of doctrinal and theological are not binding, this results to the belief that religious experience is therefore fundamental and that theology is an afterthought. The Liberals believe that the writers of the Bible accommodated their recipients and hence the Bible is not binding on us. Non propositional theology is often favoured by liberal theologians because it places the emphasis on human experience and rationality.The third school of interpretation is Traditionalism. Traditionalists go for that the Bible is full of truth, God is revealed within the Bible and that it is inspired by the Holy Spirit. One of the key characteristics of their approach to the Bible is its emphasis on the need to understand the nature of the different types of publications within the bible. However, traditionalists would not accept the fundamentalists notion of inerrancy as many would acknowledge that there are mistakes in the Bible. These are seen as a reflection of twain the historical context in which they are written and the human fallibility f the authors.As with Liberals, traditionalists believe that some aspects of the Bible need to be reinterpreted for today. Traditionalists place a lot of emphasis on the process of exegesis. However, after establishing the intended meaning of the author the coterminous step in the traditional approach is the question of how it should be applied to Christian today. However, whereas fundamentalists believe that the true meaning of a text should be clear to each reader traditionalists believe that exegesis is more of a complex process.Another characteristic of the traditionalists is that they are open to a range of different forms of scholarship, for instance, open to forms of textual and historical analysis. However unlike the liberal approach such scholarship is generally used to support conservative positions. Unlike f undamentalists, traditional approaches appreciate both the human involvement in the authorship of Biblical books and the historical/literary process through which the books were developed.However, although they acknowledge this human and historical process they do see it also as inspired by God as they recognise that there is something distinct and authoritive about the canon of scripture. Hermeneutics is the science, as it is guided by rules, and the art, the finishing of these rules, of Biblical interpretation. The description of Hermeneutics as the art of understanding comes from a 19th century theologian, Fredrich Schleiermacher. In interpretation, we approach a text, with either, some kind of prior understanding, prejudgment or a pre-conceived idea in order to read out of the text, cognize as exegesis.Or openly reading the text, to discover something about it which we would not of known before, known as eisegesis. Eisegesis, is to the highest degree faithful to text, as you have no opinion on the text at hand, however this is also most confusing as it results in a variety of information. One major scholar, as mentioned, is theologian Friedrich Schleiermacher, a founder of modern Hermeneutics, which within his work Biblical teachings are emphasized. Schleiermacher was the first person to introduce a philosophical theory of interpretation, which is appropriate to the Bible along with other texts.He emphasized the affective or emotions as a source of religious experience which is ultimately different from the purely rational approach of school of thought. Schleiermacher also argued that what makes Christianity very special is the historical grammatical case of Jesus whose life was one of perfect God-consciousness. It is this which the early authors attempted to capture in their writings. Schleiermacher believed that as religious propositions can only be made known through language the role of Hermeneutics is to unlock the original experience.Using Kant , Schleiermacher argued that the mind seeks to organise different experiences, which can be seen in the different categories or styles of literature contained within the Bible. One of the purposes of hermeneutics for Schleiermacher is to therefore ensure that the right literary genre is applied to the text. Another major scholar along with Schleiermacher is Paul Ricoeur a grand philosopher of the 20th century. Unlike Schleiermacher Ricoeur argued that the author is not important in interpretation of texts, only the reader as he develops a view of the world which is enriched and heighten through his engagement with the text.Ricoeur established between semantic meaning, what the text says, that can me verifiable and the symbolic meaning, what the text means. It is this symbolic meaning which is the purpose of hermeneutics, as symbols go beyond language to the world itself and to human truths and human experience. Ricoeur argued that in modernity the message of symbols have been forg otten, so the hermeneutical task is to restore the original meanings to symbols. Hermeneutics is therefore the philosophy of finding meaning in life language not only conveys meanings but Meaning of existence.The world itself, it can be argued, may be considered a text in which we can find the meaning however the advantage of a written text is its existence which makes it independent from an author and his culture therefore allows us the freedom to question it but to also be questioned by it. However we do not need to believe in the world that the symbols of the text refer to, but we can participate as we have the imagination to do so. Therefore the goal of hermeneutics is the understanding.

Roman Construction

The ancient popishs were known for their brilliant engineering that possessstood the test of time. They were brilliantly take a crap to make the ancient Romansmore comfortable. Most of the inventions were improvements of older engineering ideas,inventions, and concepts. The Romans improved the recipe of cement, which wasinvented in Egypt, and created concrete. The Romans were greatly influenced by theGreek and the Estrusan.The construction and technology for bringing cut water into the citieswere invented in the East. The construction of roads, were common then as it is now.The Romans improved the design and perfected the construction so well it is used today.The three examples I choose to write about Roman Engineering are first the Romanaqueduct. This construction was used to supply water to the people in the city. Theaqueduct is matchless of the most brilliant engineering constructions in the ancient world.It set a standard that has non been equaled Centuries after the fall of Rome.Many of the cities in Rome, today fluent use the aqueducts to supply water for the city.The aqueduct is estimated to be between 40 and a little over 500km in length. It is29miles (47) km above ground because most Roman aqueducts ran beneath the surfaceof the ground. To build underground makes the water disease free as well as helped theaqueducts from being attacked by enemies.The Roman aqueducts were sophistically built and signally thinlytechnically standard. It has a gradient of only 34cm per km, lowering 17m vertically withits entire length of 50km. Largely powered by gravity, it moves large amounts of 6 zillion gallons of water a day. The combined aqueducts in Rome supplied around1million cubic meters which supplied 30 million gallons to the city each day. This isgreat engineering feat has not been equaled until the 19th Century.The construction of the Roman aqueducts is the use of Chorobates. TheChorobates used in this engineering were used to level terrain before co nstruction. TheChorobates was a wooden object that was supported by four legs. It had a flat broad topwith an engraved half circle. The half circle was filled with water to make the anglewhich there is no water will be measured.The Groma is another tool used in the construction of the aqueduct. Itwas used to measure right angles. It consisted of stvirtuosos that hung off four sticks and wasperpendicular to one another. Distant objects marked out against the group of stones areplaced horizontally. There were nine aqueducts built, in ancient Rome supplying 38million gallons a day to Rome.A second example of Roman engineering is the Roman roads. These roads were an essential to the growth of Rome because they supplied the Roman Empireto move enemies in War. They were also created to hinder the enemies organizing toattack Rome. The road, in its greatness was 85,000 km containing 372 links. TheRomans became adept at constructing the roads for political, military and commercialreasons.The roads were long and important for the constancy and expansion of the Roman Empire. The Roman Roads were built first with Roman Army builders whocleaned the ground of trees and rocks. They then build a trench where the road was expiration to be laid and then filled it with large rocks. They put the large stones, pebbles,cement and also sand and packed it down making a satisfying base. They added a layer ofcement that was mixed with broken tiles, paving stones creating the surface of the road.The stones were cut to fit tightly together. They placed kerbstones at the sideof the road to hold open the paving stones and create a channel were the water can run.The third example of Roman engineering, are Roman bridge. The Romanswere first to build these bridges and make them long lasting. The Roman bridges werebuilt with stones with an Arch as its basic structure. The Romans used a new form ofcement called concrete to build the bridge. The Bridges were built in 142 BC, and wasnamed the Ponte Rotto.It is the oldest Roman stone bridge built in Rome. The Roman Bridgecharacteristics are many they are 5 meters wide. Many have a slope and lean slightly.Roman bridges have rustic work. The Roman Bridges stonework has a changing stretcheras well as header courses which consist of a layer of square stones that are laidhorizontally. The end faces outwards, in the next layer of square stones.The stones are connected with dovetail joint joint or with metal bars.Indentions found in the stones were created by the gripping tools used for theworkers to hold onto. The Romans also used tools such as slaves to move constructblocks of stones as well as levers and pulleys. They used chisels, concrete, plumb bob, abronze square, bronze dividers, and bronze foot ruler to build the bridges and thepowerful, and mighty city of Rome.Works CitedRoman Architecture- http//www.iol.ie/coolmine/typ/romans/archie2.htmlThe Romans Page.Mark Warner, 2007-Roman Roads-The Downs FM The amazing podcastOf the downs CE Primary School-Teaching Ideas Subject muniment. http//www.teachingideas.co.uk/history/romanrd.htmChris Trueman The History of Ancient Rome- History learning site http//www.historylearningsite.co.uk/roman_engineering.htmChris Trueman Roman Roads-The History of Ancient Rome-History learning site http//www.historylearningsite.co.uk/roman_roads.htm

Effects of Title Ix

Title IX Title IX is a rule established in the NCAA to regulate workforce and women college sports. The title was passed in 1972. The reason that I am interested in this subject is because I am a college wrestler. Wrestling is wiz of the greatly affected sports when relating to this. The title states that men and women must have the equal opportunities to participate in sports. Over 150 wrestling programs have been dropped since the passing. This title could greatly affect my life in the next few years.The wrestling coaches here have talked about how our wrestling program here at Appalachian advance could possibly be discontinued due to Title IX. The budget for the sports programs here ar not even across the board. The money spent on mens sports is greater than the amount spent on womens. I do not think that the program is seriously in danger of being canceled, plainly I do know that we cannot have as many people on the team next year that we do this year. At least 7 people have to be cut before next year.I think that this Title should not be in place at all. There are many more men that want to participate in sports then women. This title takes away from the opportunities that men have to play. Most women sports do not capture in much money. The majority of money on any campus comes from the football team. Men sports bring in more money than womens, so it would only be right to allow more men sports. I feel like my opinion on this says that I am not really for women sports.That is kind of true. The women sports that I have seen myself are never as interesting as the men sports. Girls are just as competitive sometimes but the level of tilt is just not that of a guys event. As for our culture, this subject being controversial says that other people feel the same way that I do. This issue is one that will remain controversial for years. Many people have tried to find a solution, but this is a very manifold idea. It greatly affects men and women.

Satire: Jean-Baptiste Poquelin (Moliere) and Jonathan Swift

Both Jean-Baptiste Poquelin (Moliere) and Jonathan Swift use satire as a means of conveying their ideas concerning the actions of the characters in their respective works Tartuffe and Gullivers Travels. The object of Molieres satire is the wild religiosity suffused the climate of his cartridge holder. He parodies the lives of persons who profess Christianity and yet in certain situations acquit in a manner non-concurrent with the message they preach. Swift too condemns a sort of hypocrisy in his tale, as the professed rank and honor of the leaders of his time come under attack in his portrayal of them.Swift in particular uses a variety of different metaphors in order to change the scale leaf of humanity and in so doing magnify the problem he seeks to point out. Both novels, therefore, demonstrate the role of satire as mediator between how sprightliness actually is and what is ought to be in the eyes of their authors (Bullit, 3). Moliere uses characters to typify the types of pers ons he wishes to satirize. The title character of his work, Tartuffe himself, represents the type of person in life who professes religion and yet in his action demonstrates himself to be in complete discord with the tenets of that religion.Tartuffe per pisss actions that amount to fraud and yet acts in the name of the clergy and of Christianity. This man can be seen to stand in the place of the clergy of the Catholic faith (the dominant religion of France at the time) who collected funds (such as indulgences) or other otherwise ingratiated themselves to the masses under false pretences. The person upon whom the fraud is committed represents the masses who willingly give their all to these leaders of the church, whom they believe to be virtuous.However, Moliere indicates that the money universe appropriated by the church is being used for personal and non-religious reasons. The situations remedy comes in the form of a king who finds out the truth and punishes Tartuffe for his guilt . Molieres criticism of the clergy is complete in this description, as he indicates that God (ruler of the earth) is in no way supportive of the actions of these religious persons who claim to be doing His will. Moliere also satirizes the determination of some persons (especially the religious masses) to cross ignorance and the misfortune that they fall into because of this behavior.The character Orgon is eager to believe not only in the truth of Tartuffe but also in the particulars of his claims. As a result, he is swindled out of his property and can only be rescued by the royal (divine) intervention of the King. The neutralizeive proposition given by Moliere is that the clergy should seek to sincerely represent the knowledge and wishes of God by acting in accordance with his teaching. They should also seek to educate the masses, and by promoting education and transparency all round, virtue will increase.Swift in Gullivers Travels takes his readers to several different places, and the effect of this is to remove what he consideres the self-imposed grandeur. This grandeur is imposed through the building up of socio-political and religious institutions based upon laws that profess to defend (among other things) a hierarchical view of humanity. In Lilliput and Brobdingnag, for example, the natives give air to Swifts true ideas concerning these institutions and the form of humanity that obtains within them.The Lilliputians demonstrate the pride and high-mindedness of humans, underscoring how petty this form of behavior is. Such honors as the favor of the Court is demonstrated in the ministers of Lilliput contest of jumping over a rope and the rewards they are granted. The various heights to which the rope is lifted represent the different titles to which nobles and clergymen might aspire. The Lilliputians who represent such commonwealth are small, and their size reflects Swifts satirical representation of the true size of humans in relation to their opinio ns of themselves.Likewise, in Brobdingnag, the larger scale of the persons represents the expansion of humans foibles and vices in a grotesque manner, as they vainly attempt to decorate themselves with a distinction of rank that does not truly exist. Gullivers transmutation throughout the tale from a person of naivete to one who is truly skeptical of human behavior represents method in which Swift indicates that humans should correct themselves. In becoming aware of humanitys own tendency toward pride and pettiness, people will become more likely to recognize and divulge it within themselves and others.

Outline and evaluate research into the effects of deprivation Essay

In the 1950s Robertson (on behalf of Bowlby) carried out observations of 49 children aged 1-4 over a two-year period of children separated from their main phencyclidine(s) due to hospital care or being set in a residential nursery because their main primary care provider had to be hospitalised. Findings faithfully fork outed that the effects of deprivation pass finished three distinct stages the immediate response to judicial separation is protest followed by despair and then followed by detachment.In the protest the child cries and is unable to be comforted by caregivers with which an attachment has not been formed. In the despair stage the child eventually becomes calmer but is uninterested in others and no longer searches for the caregiver with which an attachment has been formed. In the detachment the child appears to be coping comfortably nevertheless the child tends to treat others all in a similar facile manner. Furthermore if the attachment-figure returns the abandon ed child be be in possession ofs in a very detached manner towards the main caregiver often ignoring or rejecting their advances. (AO1)Robertsons research reliably showed the effects of deprivation over a two-year period. Nevertheless this research used an opportunity sample which was very small consequently it may lose external validity in that it may mean that the findings cannot be generalised to situations other than hospitals or residential nurseries nor situations involving reasons for separation other than hospitalisation of the child or main caregiver.However because this study was a naturalistic observation of children experiencing real deprivation in a real-life situation the study might closely have high external validity in that the research situation does represent real life. Nevertheless whilst a naturalistic observational method may well be high in terms of external validity it often lacks internal validity as the researcher makes no attempt to control variables and thusly Robertson may not be measuring what he claims to measure i.e. the effects of separation but, instead may be measuring the effects of something else such as the childs reaction to being placed in a very unfamiliar environment. (AO2)Bowlby (1946) carried out a retrospective study on 88 children that had been referred to his psychiatric clinic because they were measly psychological disturbances. Half of these children showed delinquent behaviour in that they had a criminal record for theft and 14 of these thieves displayed an affectionless personality the other 44 children were emotionally disturbed children but did not show delinquent behaviour. When Bowlby investigated the childrens life histories he found that 17 of the 44 children in the delinquent crowd had undergo separation/deprivation from their mothers for more than 6 months during the first four years of life, whereas only 2 in the emotionally disturbed group had experienced this. Bowlby concluded that maternal deprivation played the major role in causing delinquency in later life. This appears to suggest that early separations may well be related to later emotional maladjustment. (AO1)However a number of criticisms can be aimed at Bowlbys research, for exampleThe data on separation were collected retrospectively and may not be reliable or valid. (AO2)Even though only two of the non-delinquent group had suffered deprivation all were suffering from psychological disturbances suggesting that deprivation does have negative effects on development however many children experience deprivation and do not suffer and long-run serious psychological problems suggesting that it is not as clear cut as Bowlby is suggesting. (AO2)Bowlbys sample was biased in that all of the children in the sample were unbalanced in some way and therefore is not representative and probably not generalisable to children who are not maladjusted in some way. The sample is similarly too small to be representative of the po pulation. (AO2)Bowlby makes the assumption that maternal deprivation was the major cause of maladjustment when it could have been due to many other factors, for example, being placed in strange and frightening environments, lack of attention from any potential caregiver, etc. (AO2)Bowlbys research may well have been biased as he was employed to do such research by the World Health Organisation for political purposes. That is Bowlbys work was used to support governments aegir to encourage women to return to the home and leave the workplace after World War II. In reaction to this, feminists cited anthropological research from around the world to show that sole care by the mother was a recent Western invention. They also point out that in cultures where the mother was not the main caregiver or played little if any role in care-giving the children were not maladapted and grew up to be socialised, well-adjusted adults. (AO2)

Mrf Tyre Suggestions

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 0. 1 0. 1. 1 GENERAL Nylon tire Cord Nylon tire heapuroy is made from steep tenacity uninterrupted filament ribbon by twisting and furnishing. thither atomic number 18 two major types of nylons utilise as tire cord, i. e. nylon-6 and nylon-6,6. The properties of nylon-6 and nylon-6,6 vary marginally and are controlled by the manufacturing functioning, type of stabilisers and additives utilize. In India only nylon-6 is produced commercially for tyre cord. Thetypesofnylon-6tyrecordusedinIndiaare840/2,1260/2,1260/3, 1680/ 2 and 1890 / 2 where number indicates denier of ply / no. of plies in the cord.The denier per filament is 6. 0. 1. 2 Tyre Cord The other temporals used as tyre cord are cotton, rayon, polyester, fibre glass, steel,aromatic polyamides. Each of these visibles has its induce merits and demerits. The major criteria for acceptance of either material in tyre are its tensile strength, dimensional stability, durability, thermal stability, hysteresis and adhesion. Tests and actual application conditions eat shown that although other cord materials meet one or more proper(postnominal) requirements, nylon by and large meets the desirable requirements for almost all the performance criteria. . 1. 3 Tyres The tyre cord stuff yields the tyre its fundamental properties such as shape, size, load carrying capacity, abrasion resistance, fatigue resistance, etc. A tyre is a composite of cord and rubber. There are ternary varieties of tyres viz. bias-angle tyres, radial tyres and bias-belted tyres. They differ in the way the tyre fabric plies are laid inside the tyre. 0. 1. 4 Manufacturing Process The manufacturing process for nylon-6 tyre cord can be broadly divided into fol first baseing intersection musical notes (a) Polymerisation of caprolactam to require nylon chips. (b) Extraction and drying of chips. (c) Melt keel around of chips to manufacture nylon tyre train of thought. (d) Pre parity bittion ofcordfrom tyr e yarn by twisting and plying. (e) Recycling of nylon-6 waste. 0. 1. 5 Polymerisation Nylon is made by polymerization of caprolactam with certain additives like amino acids and dicarboxylic acid salts and certain heat stabiliser such as copper found organic compounds. The polymerisation process exacts ring opening polycondensation and polyaddition reactions. All the three polymerisation reaction shouts are equilibrium reactions.A typical process of polymerisation of nylon can be either a batch or a continuous process. The continuous process, genuine after the batch process was commercialised, offers simplicity of design, ease of operation and control and high capacity. An optimal polymerisation process would involve two stages, wherein, the first stage involves pressure at high initial pissing concentration. In the second stage a rapid transition from high water content to a pocket-sized water content is achieved by release of pressure and subsequent application of vacuum. In dustrial grade nylon-6 with relative viscosity 3. 2 to 3. has high degree of polymerisation compared to textile grade nylon-6 with relative viscosity 2. 2 to 2. 6. 0. 1. 6 Extrusion and Drying of Chips The nylon chips are washed to remove water soluble impurities and and so dried. The process maybe batch or continuous. 0. 1. 7 Melt rotate The polymer chips are melt in extruder. The molten polymer is then spun stoped a spinnerette. The molten filaments are quenched or cooled by a laminar flow of air. The spin finish is applied on filament and then wound on spin bobbins and barfn to get out tyre yarns. In the conventional process, the spinning and conscription was done in two steps.In the spin- pay back process, a step is masterd compared to 2-step conventional process. As a consequence, some sources of process disturbances are eliminated which results in improved yarn uniformity. 0. 1. 8 Preparation of Cord Nylon tyre yarns are then twisted in S or Z direction and plied havi ng 2 or 3 plies to form a tyre cord. 0. 1. 9 re viewingy of Nylon-6 Waste Depending on the quality of waste, any of the following method may be used for recycling of nylon waste. Direct use of fibre waste RegrannulationPolymer Powderi) without melt ii) with melting. i) deploymerisationandfilteration i) precipitation from solutions Rec everywherey of caprolactam by deploymerisation. Rec overy of amino caproic acid. The first three processes require relatively purer and undegraded form of waste. Amongst the last two, caprolactam recovery is mostly beared by Indian industry collectible to ease of purification of recovered caprolactam. 0. 1. 10 Raw Materials, (Catalysts, Additives, Spin Finish Etc. ) For nylon-6, the only major raw material required is caprolactam. Water is required as an initiator for ring opening during polymerisation. Nitrogen gas is required for blanketing, drying and conveying of polymer. 0. 1. 1 Additives/Catalysts Aminoacids and diamine dicarboxylic add salts which picture water on condensation defend been found to be useful for enhancing the rate of polymerisation. 0. 1. 12 Stabilisers Nylon is susceptible to degradation by Lght, heat, oxygen etc. To make it suitable for the purpose of tyre cord, stabilisers are added. The light stabilisers used are manganous chloride + hypophosphorous add and imidazoles. Diphenylamine and acetone condensates give excellent resistance to heat. Copper complexes as halides, acetate, phosphates, salts of higher fatty adds like stearates, palmitates, laurates, etc. re quite effective as heat and light stabilisers. Spin Finish The functions of spin finishes are to reduce grinding to get proper filament cohesion and to provide static protection. Lubricants used to reduce friction are usually mineral oils, fatty glycerides. The antistats used to provide static protection are surface active organic compounds. In case of nylon tyre cord, where molten polymer is drawn in yarn stages and fabric is dipped at a very high temperatures (upto 210 C), preference has been towards the use of non-fuming type spin finishes. 0. . 14 major(ip) Capital Equipments The major capital equipments for each parting of the localize viz polymerisation, spinning, cord making and caprolactam recovery are listed in para 1. 7. 0. 1. 15 Development of Technology The suppurations in technology canbe grouped into the following yield schooling. Development in the polymerisation process. Development in extraction and drying. Development in melt spinning process. A. Product Development Till 1937, cotton used to be the only tyre cord material without the world. Thereafter rayon became popular.Subsequently with the advent of synthetic fibres, the use of nylon increased, which continues to be used in both(prenominal) the developed and developing countries, Other materials used are polyester introduced in 1962, fibre glassin 1967 and steelin 1970. NTC was earlier spun as 210 d-yarn and then plied to give 840 d tyre cord. With the development of technology, now, directly 840 d yarn can be spun and then plied to get denier ranges of 1260, 1680 and 1890 tyre cord. The denier per filament has however remained fe though some attempts sop up been made to use 8 deniers filaments in any case. It has been possible to increase tenacity from 8 gpd to9. gpd. B. Developments in Polymerisation Process In early process, a relatively crude batch autoclave nuclear reactor was used for polymerisation. The V K tube reactors for continuous polymerisation, were introduced during early 50s. Initially, V K tube reactor had capacities of 1. 5 TPD which has now been increased upto 40 TPD. everywhere a period of magazine, number of stages of polymerisation has as well increased from one to seven. Continuous developments devour also taken place for modifying the design of reactors to achieve quid flow condition and uniform flow and temperature gradient, improve residence time, conversion rate and quality of produ cts.The details of some such developments are discussed in para 1. 8. C. Developments in Extraction and Drying In this area also, batch type extraction and drying process move over been replaced by continuous processes. Chips are now stored in S. S. tanks and conveyed pneumatically to spinning section. D. Developments in Spinning Process Melting of chips was done by oil change grids in the pre-world war era, then by electrically heated grids. In the late fifties a short barrel screw extruder was introduced which is now replaced by longbarrel extruder.Another development is increase in the spinning capacity by increased number of spinning positions and also increased number of ends per spinning position. Other improvements are in yarn solidification and quenching process, spin finish application methods etc. During late seventies, the spin-drawn process was introduced to get higher productivity and better product. During the same period, high facilitate spinning with take up speed of 3,000 to 4,000 mtrs/min (as compared to upto 1500 mtrs/ min in case of conventional process) was developed. 0. 2 . 2. 1 STRUCTURE OF INDUSTRY AND STATE OF THE ART Structure of Industry Licensed and Installed mental ability The total licensed and installed capacity of NTC in India at present is around 29,500 TPA and 22,500 TPA respectively, as per the details given in para 2. 1. 10. LOI / IL have been issued which cover capacity of 54,200 TPA. Production The intersection of NTC in India started in 1971 with 595 tonnes and increased to around 23,600 tonnes in 1985. NTC has replaced rayon tyre yarn as tyre cord yarn and market place share of NTC at present is 75%.Capacity Utilisation The licensed and installed capacity is based on certain denier while payoff is of opposite deniers and the product-mix of all manufacturers varies depending on market requirements. However, the overall mediocre capacity utilisation ofNTCinIndiahasbeenaorundl05%duringthelast basketball teamyears. D istribution of Units Active NTC manufacturers are public limited companies spread almost all over India with average capacity of 4000 TP A. Performance of Industry The production, sales, net fixed assets, net worth of all the NTC manufacturers show an upward trim back.There is a general growth rate of 20% per annum on sales turnover during last five years. Import/Export Import of NTC increased from 1677 tonnes in 1980-81 to 5295 tonnes in 198384 The price of NTC at international take is just half of the price in India. This is chiefly due to high cost of raw materials, higher conversion costs due to old technologies and base size of Indian whole kits as compared to the set ups in developed countries. Due to this, export of tyre yarn from India is negligible. Sources of Technology and their Broad Performance Unitika, Japan has supplied technology and dress to three out of five Indian manufacturers of NTC.The other two manufacturers started with merchandise plants. The details of these collaborations are given in para 2. 15. 2. Performance of all the collaborations is satisfactory. Though, natal technology comprising of batch polymerisation and conventional spinning process have been developed, none of the NTC plants in India has yet started with such autochthonic technology. The a la mode(p) technologies comprising of multi-stage continuous polymerisation, continuous extraction and drying of chips, spin draw technology or high speed spinning process are not yet available indigenously.The recent trend in India to look to the east for technology may be due to the approachability of technology comparable to those available from the west at a discredit receive how fees and lower plant costs. 2. 2 Technological Status of Indian Industry (Unit wise) The comparison of installed capacities, actual production and capacity utilisation and financial analysis in terms of net sales, net fixed assets, net profit and net worth over the period of last five years a nd present specific raw materials and utilities consumptions, wastage generation and recovery etc. for the following selected units is given in para 2. . J. K. Synthetics Ltd. National Rayon Corpn. Ltd. Shri Ram Fibres Ltd. Nirlon Synthetics Fibres & Chemicals Ltd. Baroda Rayon Corporation Ltd. Details of the historical background, sources of technology, research and development efforts, results achieved, etc. for each of the above units are summarised hereunder. a) J. K. Synthetics Ltd J. K. Synthetics Limited, pioneer in the manufacture of NTC, have absorbed to a great extent the conventional technology over the last 2 decades. The company has its own research insituteThe Sir Padampat Research Centre (SPRC) and has belatedly floated a companyJaykay Tech. hich can supply the conventional technology. As furthest as horizontal transfer is concerned, conventional technology developed and absorbed by J. K. has little commercial relevance. J. K. s licenced and installed capacities are 6000 to 5000 TPA respectively. The company has recently entered into technical foul collaboration with M/s Tong Yang of south Korea for their latest Spin-Draw technology. The unseasoned unitwithacapacityofl2. 5TPDiscomingup. b) The National Rayon Corporation Ltd. (National Rayon) National Rayon commenced production of rayon tyre cord in 1961 and nylon tyre cord in 1976.The company has a technical collaboration for the latter with Unitika, who have supplied the technology and plant. The company had installed indigenously developed equipment for conversion of polymer waste to granules of impressible grade. They have successfully indigenised manufacturing of all additives through in-house research as well as developing other suppliers. National Rayons licensed and installed capacities are 5,000 and 5,250 TPA respectively. The companys performance during 1983 and 1984 had been obstinate due to closure of plant because of labour problems.The production during 1985 to 1988 is more tha n the licensed capacity. As a part of radical-madeisation and expansion programme they have installed spin-draw machines. The spin-draw yarn produced and made into fabric has alreadybeenapprovedbythecustomers. National Rayon have a fullfledged R centre approved by the Government of India and is engaged in import substitution, technology absorption, machinery development and trouble shooting. National Rayon have developed process technology for polypropylene industrial yarn of high tenacity and has been unbendablely supplying polypropylene yarn for market development.It has also developed rayon industrial yarn, an industrial fabric for non tyre applications. National Rayon have recently installed, for the first time in India, air thou looms for making tyre fabrics of high quality. c) Shri Ram Fibres Limited (SRF) SRF s plant for manufacture of nylon tyre cord and yarn was commissioned in 1974 in technical collaboration with Unitika. Companys present capacity is 6,335 TPA. SRF has a full-fledged Research and Development Laboratory and is constantly updating process methods and technology for product development.SRF have an self-directed research institute too. A very recent process developed and patented is that for polymerisation of nylon-6,6. d) Nirlon Synthetic Fibres & Chemicals Ltd. (Nirlon) Nirlon commenced production of nylon filament yarn and tyre cord in 1962. The company had recently gone into technical collaboration with Zimmer for an expansion of their nylon tyre cord plant. Their present capacity is 5,000 TPA. Zimmers design is based on multi polycondensation process and single stage spin draw process. Nirlon has a well established research and development base.The company had absorbed the conventional technology for manufacture of nylon tyre cord and is concentrating in developing and acquiring more modern manufacturing process. e) The Baroda Rayon Corporation Ltd. (Baroda Rayon) Baroda Rayon commenced production of rayon in 1962. Subsequently , the company commenced production of nylon tyre cord in 1981 in technical 8 collaboration with Unitika. Their present installed capacity is 2,000 TPA. Expansion of their plant to 4,000 TPA is under implementation and is expected to be commissionedby end 1987. f) The following new units likely to come up in the near future.The present status / each of these projects is given in detail in para 2. 1. GarwareNylons Limited shortly the company manufactures nylon and polyester filament yarn and is expanding its activities to manufacture nylon tyre cord, nylon tyre and industrial fabric in collaboration with Allied Corporation, U. S. A. , the largest producer of tyre cord in the world. Century Enka Limited The companys major activity is manufacture of nylon and other man made fibres and plastics. Century Enka has a collaboration with their principals Enka International of Holland for the technology for manufacture of nylon 6 tyre cord.The production has commenced recently. Ballarpur Indu stries Ltd. andE. I. Du Pont Nemours & Co. of U. S. A. They have jointly proposed to promote a Rs. 130 crores joint venture company to produce nylon-6,6 tyre cord for the first time in the country in collaboration with economic development corporation of Goa. An annual production of 16,700 tonnes of nylon-6,6 tyre yarn is envisaged. Kanoria Alkalies & Plastics Ltd They have entered into collaboration for technical know-how, plant and machinery for manufacture of nylon tyre cord with Unitika which has been approved by Government of India. 0. 2. Status of Raw Material Industry At present only Gujarat State plant food Corpn. Ltd. , Baroda manufacture caprolactam with the capacity of 20,000 TPA in India. Three LOI have been issued by the government with a total capacity of 2,20,000 TPA. The demand projections for caprolactam made by the Committee for side Planning of Petrochemical Industry by 2000 AD are 1,16,000,1,96,000 and 3,02,000 TPA for year 1989-90,1994-95 and 1999-2000 respec tively. Hence, till the units who have LOI go into production, imports of caprolactam is unavoidable. The quality of indigenous caprolactam in terms of its permanganate no. nd also in terms of consistancy between various batches of manufacture is not comparable to that of imported caprolactam. 0. 2. 4 Status of Tyre Industry International There are three types of tyre construction viz. , bias, bias-belted and radial. radiate and bias belted construction are more efficient than simple bias construction. In the world tyre market, radial tyres dominate. They were first inroduced in passenger cars then in commercial vehicles, buses and truck respectively. In U. S. A. market, no rapid change over from bias to radial tyres took place because of the tremendous capital investment required.Instead, belted bias tyres which could be manufactured on live equipments were developed. The current trends in tyre design and manufacturing include Use of fewer fabric plies in tyres by utilising larg er and stronger cords. Use of special treatments in yarn manufacturing of the cord processing to reduce the creep of cords in tyre. Use of newer fibres such as polyester and modified nylons etc. 0. 2. 5 Status of Tyre Industry -Indian The installed capacity of Indian tyre industry is 12 million nos. per annum, the estimated demands of tyres by 1989-90 and 1994-95 are around 21 and 31 million nos. espectively, as per estimates of Automobile Tyre Manufacturers Assocation (ATM A). Preference so far has been towards bias angle, because of the practice of overloading practically no care of tyres by owners / drivers and poor road conditions. However, some radial passenger car tyres have also been introduced in the market. Due to the higher melting point of nylon-6,6 and polyester as compared to that of nylon-6, the tyre hardening temperature can be increased to 250 C from 210 C (for nylon-6). This would make curing of tyres faster and hence reduce curing cycle.This would result in higher output and also higher productivity. In practice, howevr, fast curing is not realisable in case of heavy duty tyres as the thicklayer of tread rubber forget get distortedby fast curing. To take advantage of this higher productivity, the tyre manufacturers will have to install higher capacity curing furnaces, which will require substantial investment. Hence, before tyre manufacturers decide to install such furnaces, they would like to confirm regular availability of nylon-6,6 tyre cords at reasonable prices preferably from more than one supplier. 10The switch over from nylon-6 to nylon-6,6 would also result in more bolt down time in tyre manufacturing. Similarly switch over from nylon to polyester requires change in dip condition, double dip processing and more downtime. Hence, whatever nylon they use, they will use it for 100 % of their requirements. 0. 2. 6 Tyre Cord and its Suitability for Various Types of Tyres Different types of tyres require tyre cords with different propert ies, indicated in para 2. 12. Radial tyre or belted tyre designs take adavantage of these different requirements by placing different types of cords in the belt and in the carcass.As per the test carried out by one of the Indian radial tyre manufacturers, nylon-rayon was found to be the best combination for Indian conditions. 0. 2. 7 Status of Tyre Cord Industry -International Major varieties of cords suitable for tyres are cotton, rayon, nylon, polyester, steel, glass fibres and aromatic polyamides. Although flat spotting shown by nylon was originally objected to strongly, nylon has continued to be the preferred tyre cord material because of its price and its superior thermal and fatigue resistance.Nylon-6 is used in Europe and other developing countries while nylon-6,6 is more prominent in U. S. A. mainly due to the manufacturing facilities established and availability of basic raw material. During the last ten to twelve years development have been largely of evolutionary nature a iming to overcome limitations of existent tyre fibres and to make them acceptable for wideruse. 0. 2. 8 Status of Tyre Cord Industry in India Tenacity of NTC available to Indian tyre manufacturers locally varies from 8. 4 to 9. 4 with average value of 9. 2 gpd.The present demand of NTC in India is around 25,000 TPA which is likely to grow to 40,000,50,000 and 61,000 TPA by 1990,1995 and 2000 AD respectively. At least for abutting 10-15 years, even in case of radial tyres, nylon would continue to remain as one of the components either in carcass or as belt material. With the existing manufacturing facilities, the type of vehicles in use and existing road conditions, nylon-6 will remain the material of choice except for a puny quantity of radial tyres for passenger vehicles where polyester may prove to be superior.At present very little nylon-6,6 is used in India, both for textiles and industrial applications. Besides nylon-6,6 is not produced indigenously. Nylon-6,6 is costlier tha n nylon-6 worldwide and is likely to be more so in India. Nylon-6,6 is unlikely to be used by tyre companies for their bus and truck tyres 11 ( tiltage 80%) in near future, mainly due to generation of high shoulder temperature. In view of the above, establishment of fresh production capacities for nylon-6,6 industrial yarn in India may not have much scope considring interest of industry as well as the end- drug users. . 2. 9 State ofthe Art Scene (International) Twenty five leading manufacturers of NTC in the world are listed in para 2. 15. 1. SalientFeatures of Contemporary Technologies The technology for manufacture of NTC is standardised as far as polymerisation process is concerned. Product characteristics of different technologies may vary marginally depending upon the type of additives and stabilisers used, design of equipment and control method of production parameters. However, design of spinning plants differs from supplier to supplier.Salient features of contemporary techn ologies of the following technology suppliers who have supplied/offered technologies to India are discussed in detail in para 2. 15. 2. Zimmer A . G. , West Germany. Lurgi GMBH, West Germany. Unitika Ltd. , Japan. E. I. DuPontDeNemours&Co. ,U. S. A. SniaBPD, Italy. Some important features of these technology suppliers are described in subsequent paragraphs Zimmer A. G. Zimmer offers production of nylon-6 in continuous polymerisation operation. The specific Zimmer design allows lower water/chip ratio resulting in a high extract content in washing water, thus rescue energy to caprolactam recovery plant.The company offers economic standard design for production capacities of 10 to 50 TPD for high viscosity polymer (tyre cord grade). For caprolactam recovery, Zimmer prefers batch operation for higher flexibility regarding quality and capacity. The plant is specifically designed for low caprolactam concentration in waste water, so that it can be either reused in polymerisation plant, o r discharged as innocuous waste. 12 For spinning and drawing, Zimmer offers both, the two step separate process and the one step spin draw process. The former process favours production of i) lower deniers economically i) low shrinking yarns iii) large variety of yarn types. The one step spin draw process favours continuous production of heavier denier yarns in large capacities. It results in improvedyarn uniformity. .Lurgi GmbH Lurgi offers both continuous polycondensation and batch polycondensation route for nylon-6 for use in tyre cord and other technical/ industrial yarn. Lurgi also offers caprolactam recovery unit deploymerisation and condensation plant and equipment for evaporation of the extracted water, treatment of concentrated caprolactam water and distillation.The company offers technology for conventional speed spinning as well as high speed spin draw process. Untika Ltd. , Japan Unitika offers continuous polymerisation process having a pre-polymeriser coupled with cont inuous extraction, washing and drying of chips. It also offers caprolactam recovery process. In its polymerisation process, Unitika claims 50% saving in polymerisation time. Viscosity of melt can be adjusted as per requirement during pre-polymerisation. The spinning process offered is both conventional spinning and drawing as well as spin draw process. E. I. Du Pont de Nemours & Co. U. S. A. Du Ponts industrial yarn process is based on nylon-6,6 salt i. e. hexamethylene diammonium adipate. The company has practised the continuous polymerisation technology and has developed conditions which maximise conversion, maintain precise viscosity control and ensure extended service life. Nylon-6,6 is produced continuously in a series of five vessels evaporator, reactor, flasher, separator and finisher. Streamlined design of polymer vessels and distribution system minimises gel formation, recapture of heat and diamine and hence reduces cost of operating system. 3 Preferred Du Pont technology is based on coupling the spinning machine directly to the continuous polymeriser. It also utilises coupled spindraw. The advantages are elimination of chip making, handling, drying and remelting as also provision of utmost polymer uniformity. Du Pont offers extensively developd quality control and laboratory testing procedures and a single, specially formulated fibre finish for all products. SNIABPD SNIA is an Italian company giving process knowhow, plants and equipments for manufacture of nylon filament yarn and tyre cord.The company has the spin draw technology. 0. 2. 10 Latest Developments in Manufacturig Process/Design of Equipment Product Development novel developments have been in the areas of improved dimensional stability of the cord, higher tenacity of tyre cords and improved heat stabiliser formulations to reduce the mechanical deprivation due to heat generation in tyres. Improvements in Polymerisation Process Recent developments in this area include attainment of high er molecular weight by vacuum finishing, solid phase poymerisation to get final polymer free of extractables etc. addition of chain coupling agents. Other significantadvances includes For removal of unconverted monomer For lower level of water extractables in nylon polymer For improved flow and temperature distribution For transferring heat to the centre of the reactor and also to equalise flow rates Improvements in Spinning Process The developments are directed to achieve higher spinning output upto 97% and to spin NTC of high molecular weight and melt viscosity to have high tenacity tyre cord upto 10 gpd. 0. 2. 1 Critical Evaluation of Contemporary Technology During initial stage the technology of the synthetic fibre remained with only a 14 Falling film / spray reactors, reactorsworkingundervacuum. Organic polymer coating, internally, ofVK tube reactors. Incorporation of a tubular heat exchangerinthereactor. Provision of perforated plates and upended aluminium partitions. few gi ants in the category of front line producers. Because of their conservative attitudes, no rapid technology changes were forth coming.However, the role played by the unconditional applied science companies which took the risks has been a great boon in the development of technology. Technology suppliers can be broadly classified as front line suppliers having production back up like Unitika, Du Pont etc. and engineering companies like Zimmer, Lurgi, etc. Technology from front line producers is superior technology, requiring less time and wastage generation during production stabilisation at plant commissioning stage. However, know-how fees of these suppliers is higher compared to that of engineering companies.Engineering companies have vast experience in plant erection, basic and detailed engineering. Know-how fees of these companies are relatively lower. The present trend is to look to the East for technology compatible with that of western countries as it is more economical, alth ough of late, they too are becoming expensive. A project pen based on the typical offer of contemporary technology for a 6,000 TPA NTC project is placed at Annexure I. Instead of putting up many small size plants, it would be advisable to put up a few large size plants for economy of scale.The improvement in quality of polymer is a developmental activity which is continuous at international level. Indian companies should also endeavour to improve quality by adopting new engineering and equipment development either through their own R department or through their technical collaborations. New and better type of additives and catalysts development at international level should be coordinated by the Indian companies. Spinning plants having higher spinning efficiency and compactness, are always advisable for a country like India,to reduce the cost of production.One step process of very high spinning speed to make full drawn yarn may not be relevant in India, as at present most of the w eaving and cord preparatory processes are of conventional type. So the ideal thing would be to change over to quick available higher throughput equipment. 0. 3 0. 3. 1. TECHNOLOGY ABSORPTION AND GAPS R Efforts in National Laboratories/Institutions and Their Tie Up With Industry Institutions like IIT, S ASMIRA, MANTRA etc. , underground research institutions like 15 Sir Padampat research Centre, Shri Ram Institute of Industrial Reserach etc. nd in-house R centres of manufacturing industry are engaged in minor research projects for optimisation of production parameters or improvement of product characteristics. Developing countries like India although gradually laying more emphasis on its research and development, have not been able to catch up with their developed or advanced counterparts i. e. there is a considerable time lag between adoption of any particular process in some advanced part of the world and its commissioning in India. The efforts made to bridge this gap in the foll owing areas are as folio ws Indigensation of capital equipments, spares etc.Indigenisation of raw materials. Modifications and improvements in process, plant and equipments. The major constraint faced by manufacturers of indigenous equipments and spares are non-availability of design and detailed engineering drawings. patented designs of proprietary equipments by technology suppliers, sources of capital equipments recommended by technology suppliers, limited indigenous demand of such equipments. 0. 3. 2 Indian Standards Specification As a part of standardisation, the Bureau of Indian Standards has developed IS Specifications for methods of tests for tyre yarns as per the following details.IS4910 Parti Part II Partlll Part IV Part V PartVI Tyre yarns, cords and tyre cord fabrics made from man made fibres, methods of tests for. Linear density. Breaking load, elongation at break and tenacity. Dippickup Heat shrinkage and heat shrinkage force. Wet contraction and wet contractive force. Definitionofterms. 16 Part VII Part VIII Part IX PartX Part XI Heat degradation. Thickness (gauge) try out Growth Commercial weight. The specifications of polyamide tyre cord warp-sheet for automotive tyres published by the bureau is, IS 119261987. The specifications are given in Table 4. . 3. 3 positiveness of Indian Industry and its Relationships with Technology At present the profit margins of NTC manufacturers are fairly satisfactory, even with the present conventional technologies and small capacity plants. Interaction with user industry by NTC manufacturers is also quite good. However, the constraints in respect of technology absorption faced by Indian NTC industry are low capacities of plant. imported capital equipments, parts and spares, non-availability of trained technological manpower, poor labour management relations. . 3. 4 Export Performance Due to high cost of raw materials and also higher conversion costs due to small capacity plants based on older technologies, the Indian NTC industry has not been able to contribute in the export market. 0. 3. 5 Comparison of Product Specification Between Units In India, the product range and specifications of all the manuacturing units is almost identical. 0. 3. 6 Modernisation Need As mentioned earlier, cost of production of Indian NTC industry is higher due to small capacity plants based on older technologies.There is an urgent need to modernise these plants to adopt most advanced technologies and a much higher level of operations. 17 However, for such modernisation substantial funds willlbe required. Financial Institutions are giving around the bend loans under technology development funds and industries have started taking advantage of this scheme. 0. 3. 7 Technology Gap Technology gaps in following areas have been determine and discussed in para 3. 9 Product developments Plant capacity Polymerisation process Melt spining process Indigenous manufacture of plant and equipments Indigenous availability of raw materials, additives and spin finishes etc.Internationally, cords with yams having 8 deniers per filament and upto 3,000 deniers of cords and 11 gpd tenacity are available, while in India cords with yarns having only 6 deniers per filament and 9. 2 gpd tenacity are manufactured. The average plant capacity of NTC in India, till 1983, was 2,000 TP A against the defined economic size of plant of 6,000 TP A. Polymerisation Since the modern continuous polymerisation, extraction, washing and drying systems are suited to large capacity, till recently only conventional batch processes were used.Further, continuous polymerisation lines eliminating chip formation (especially in nylon-6,6) and remelting are not in use at preesent, in India. Melt spinning More efficient large capacity spinning equipments are existence used in the world. These have sophisticated yarn sensing and monitoring systems and hence the quality of yarn is much better with higher throughput. Such latest spinning processes are not available in the country and such technology is now being imported. 18 Reasons for technological gaps are sellers market mail service large number of small capacity plants. otalabsence of exportmarket. good financial performance of Indian Industry even with the available technologies. general / absence of R&D efforts and know-why exercises, limited developments in the Indian automobile industry, lackof product upgradation at tyre manufacturers end. To bridge the technological gaps, import of latest spinning equipments and process know-how for spin draw and high speed spinning process, designs and drawings for modernisation of existing polymerisation processes are required. 0. 4. 0 SUGGESTED STEPS TO BRIDGE TECHNOGICAL GAPThe following suggestions are made to bridge the technological gap a) Latest technology comprising of continuous polymerisation in two stage V K Tube reactors, continuous extraction and drying of chips, spin draw technology or high speed spinning processes for fully oriented yarn may be imported and horizontally transferred in India. Although some pilot project units have been installed by spinners, the industry seems to be waiting for customers acceptance. b) Develop indigenous manufacture of selected equipments, wherever it is economically viable and import only latest plant and equipments on selective basis. ) Develop basic and detailed engineering expertise in Indian engineering companies to necessitate import of only design and drawings for new plants rather than package import. An engineering organisation having expertise in basic and detailed engineering should be encouraged for development and transfer of technology for NTC and link up products. d) Widen R&D efforts both at industry and research institutions level with active association and tightlipped cooperation between them. e) Provide necessary incentives to indigenous development of manufacture of plant and equipment. 9 f) Permit only large sized plants. g) Provide incentives for intensified research activities at industry level with close monitoring of such incentives. Establish a central tyre research institute with facilities to test developments in new designs of tyres, new tyre cord materials and modifications in tyre cord materials. Develop skills in technical personal, by arranging training abroad or by arranging traimng programmes by institutions like IIT, S ASMIR A, etc. and constant interaction with foreign experts. 20

Recession in economics Essay

Recession in frugals is generally used to refer to a agency at which a nations gross domestic product has sustained a blackball emergence. The use of generally is due to the fact that antithetical economists plenty describe recess in different ways. The agency responsible for declaring a nations economy is at a state of recession is mainly the NBER other wise the National Bureau of Economic Research. It has been argued that the normal recession occurs when the natural growth rate of is less than two percent in average and it operates virtually over one year. there have emerged various debates concerning the causes of recessions however, the generally agreed cause of recession is mainly by the actions taken with an post at controlling the supply of money in the economy. The federal Reserve is mandated with the responsibility to maintain the agreement between money supply, inflation and interest rates. The moment the balance is lost in this equation,the economy bottom of th e inning run out of control forcing itself to balance. This is exactly was experienced by many nations in the year 2007.The Federal Reserve monetary policy injected significant amount of money supply in the money market. This kept the interest rate low era at the same time the rate of inflation keep to rise. This together with relaxed policies that govern the lending practices made borrowing of money easy thence the economic activities became unsustainable and hence leading to the economy coming to a stand still. Other minor factors that cause the economic recessions could be the presence of wars or the increase of oil prices.They are however, short term and correct themselves in a faster way. A recession can always be spotted before it occurs. It is possible to deal an economic scale changing especially in quarters coming before the actual onset. about these signs may include,high levels of unemployment, decline in stock market, decline in housing prices and lack of foreign investing among many other factors. A spheric recession is generally a significant fall of economic activity that is spread across the worlds economy.It should last much than three months and is ordinarily more visible in a nations gross domestic product, industrial production, real income in addition to in large quantities and retail sales among others. Recessions normally starts immediately after the economy has reached a dot of activities and comes to an end as the economy reaches its trough. It is involved with simultaneous declines and falling of commodity prices otherwise called deflation. Alternatively, it may be a sharp rise of commodity prices also called inflation broadly speaking in a mathematical process called stagflation.A severe recession may be referred to as economic depression. Global recession usually is estimated to occur over a cycle that may last between eight to ten years. It has been say that during the last three decades, the world per capita outpu t growth has been either none or negative. Most of the global nations have been affected by the recession both the developed and the developing nations. If nations like the US, UK and Australia among other nations can feel the pinch,what about the poor countries in the developing world?The recession of the early year 2000 was just aboutly felt in western nations. It affected the European Union during the year 2000 and 2001 as headspring as the US in the year 2002 and year 2003. Countries like Australia and Canada avoided the recession for the better part of the time. Russia began to prosper while Japan continued with its mid-nineties recession. This recession did not meet the economists by by surprise. They had predicted it following the 1990s boom which had the experiences of both low unemployment and low inflation.In the United States of America, the recession was took the form of large layoffs and outsourcing in addition to formally highly paid employees who are being coerced i nto less paid service positions. In answering the Alan Greenspan question, it is actually becoming clear that Europe is not an exception of the global recession. The previous self-assertion enjoyed by the UK housing market has fallen especially in march to the lowest point in the last three decades. Other countries like Ireland and Spain have housing markets that have fallen over the last decade to the earth.There is a prediction that these and other nations might possibly experience a wholesale collapse. Once the housing markets more so in eastern Europe as well as Baltic estates are experiencing a significant cooling,the western European have now stopped buy properties places like Estonia, Warsaw and other places. In southern China and in India,the prices are no more surging. The stock markets have experienced sharp down fall after reaching high levels thus people do not have money to buy what they want vivid example is the lessen down of sale of apartments in Hong Kong which i s usually a very hyper active market.Britain have had one of the most robust housing markets in Europe with little of an oversupply than in Spain. According to Alan Greenspan who was the former moderate of Federal Reserve said that global recession might create backlashes that might force nations to adjourn from the worldwide markets. This decades early years global recession have had little set up on the Eastern and Central Europes export markets. The first phase of the financial moroseness spared this region which affected the initial public offerings, acquisitions and mergers.It also experienced a few multinationals scrapping projects and cancelling of planned investments in addition to scaling back the oversees expansion. A study conducted by Vienna Institute of Economic studies in year 2003 showed that the FDI flows to the nations of central Europe were halved in the first three months of year 2002 in spite of their well grounded and looming European Union membership. Durin g the years 1999 to 2003,there were frequent delays in export transactions. Privatization also attracted little interest. It is of no suspect that Europe is headed for a recession.

Friendship: Interpersonal Relationship and Friendships

Friends and Friendships in emergent Adulthood Carolyn Manager Barry* Loyola University Maryland Stephanie D. Madsen McDaniel College Ill be there for you, when the rain starts to pour. l These lyrics began each circumstance of the plebeian sitcom Friends. The trials and tribulations of these six 20- nearthing shoplifters captivated the Ameri potful public for a decade until Ross, Monica, Joey, Phoebe, Chandler, and Rachel heretoforetu every last(predicate)y transitioned to maturity date at the shows closure.Perhaps the shows popularity was due to having some truth in the fiction (a) conversancys can be a proxy family for upstart quite a little, offer invaluable advice, frequent, and musicianship (b) friends can be of the like or opposite sex, neverthe little these two types of acquaintance work discordently (c) friends may engage in casual sex, just now may in any case compel involved amative exclusivelyy (d) familiaritys be central to the lives of appear adul ts, curiously those who argon single and non in a serious amative kind and (e) friends help people to figure themselves out and influence their doings, potentially for both comfortably and bad.As is the case with all TV shows, there is as well pure fiction in this sitcom these six friends lived in the comparable apartments in the same(p) city ND oft held stilt the same Job for over a decade. Instead, instability is more than(prenominal) than the norm among realize emergent adults. Also, some American unseasoned people get married and become p arents in their late ass quite a than the ass (as the sitcom depicted). So while stodgy acquaintances are critical to rising adults happiness, search for their identities, and reliable loves, friends become less important once theyve figured out the big questions of heart and corroborate deck in marriage, lineage, and careers.Still, for emergent adults, friends can fill the growing gap amongst the succession when th ey leave he families they grew * Carolyn Manager Barry is an associate professor of psychology at Loyola University Maryland. Stephanie Madsen is an associate professor of psychology at McDaniel College. 2 Changing Spirituality of Emerging Adults up in and when they establish families of their own. Can Men and Women Be Friends? With persons of the same or opposite sex. Children need same-sex familiaritys in order to develop into well-disposedly skilled, moral, and empathetic adults.From the teen old age on, it is commonality to make friends with both sexes, and these acquaintances can be f good fictitious character, as seen in Rachel and Joeys familiarity?they regularly shared problems, offered give birth, and simply enjoyed each others company. Still, people most take same-sex friendly relationships throughout their lives, and it is less common for men and women to be friends beyond college or after one friend marries. Friendships between men and women differ in some ways from those between people of the same sex. Mens companionships with women are more stirred uply intimate than their friendships with men.And heterosexual men often seek friendships with women to whom they are sexually attracted. Not surprisingly then, close to Alfa of opposite-sex friends in college report that they have engaged in sexual behavior, which has the potential to hurt the blood. However, legion(predicate) college students turn over that sex enhances a friendships quality and helps them to cerebrate whether they want to remain Just friends or move on to something more. What Are Friendships Like? There appears to be some truth to the old adage birds of a conjoin flock unitedly. Certainly we saw this portrayed in the six characters on Friends. All shared the same heathenishity (European American), enjoyed the same activities (sipping coffee at Central Perk), and had similar levels of social skills (though Joey seemed more adept at acquire dates than Ross or Chand ler). Such similarities offer a common ground that strengthens friendships and helps them to endure. Womens friendships are often communal?offering companionship, intimacy, emotional security, and affection. Friends Rachel and Monica supported each other with late-night chats.Mens friendships emphasize competition and are more gigantic? providing help, a reliable alliance, and self-validation. Friends Joey and Chandler 3 competed in videotapes from matching recliners. Still, men and women set friendships with all of these features (perhaps placing greater importance on the communal). From the teen years on, intimacy becomes the authentication of friendships and is related to how close we feel toward our friends. Emerging adults friendships are even more emotionally intimate than their friendships of Just a few years earlier. Relationship quality depends not scarce on what you ordinate friends, but excessively what you get.In addition to the healthy dimensions we described above , friendships can also have controvert aspects, much(prenominal) as frequent conflict, power inequities, and antagonism. Womens friendships, in particular, can fall pit to co-rumination, where women obsess over problems in their lives in conversations with friends instead of taking fruitful action. In one event of Friends, Chandler sought support from the girls following a break-up they urged him to talk or so his feelings (adding, if you want to lead to depression. Thankfully, prescribed friendship qualities can help buffer negative ones.Friends focused on one particular cultural and ethnical group. Likewise, current research on emerging-adult friendships largely ignores cultural influences on friendships, though important differences exist. For example, different ethnic groups seek different friendship qualities. Asian Americans emphasize an amicable exchange of ideas, African Americans seek toleration and respect, Hispanic Americans highlight the importance of relational s upport, and European Americans focus on meeting individual ask of each friend. How Do Friendships Change across Emerging Adulthood?Given the many transitions that emerging adults face, it is not surprising that their friendships change as well. Transformations in friendships and friendship profits relate to life stage rather than age. So kat once that a person is 20 versus 26 does not ell us much about their friendships. Instead, discerning whether they are amorousally involved or have children is much more informative than age alone. Friends are frequent companions, getting together at least once a week for no peculiar(prenominal) purpose (for example, gathering at Central Perk Just to talk) and less frequently 4 for events such(prenominal) as movies, parties, and concerts.Friends find less season to get together as they progress toward adulthood. Despite these overall changes in approaches to friendship networks, emerging adults keep their individual patterns of interactin g with friends. So a real social or very shy teen will look at the same approach to friendship networks as an emerging adult. The small friendship network on Friends remained stable over 10 years?not at all typical of most emerging adults networks. Instead, emerging adults become increasingly flexible in whom they acknowledge in friendship networks and how they obtain these networks.They grow more accepting of opposite-sex friendships, even keeping former boyfriends or girlfriends on as friends. European American emerging adults friendship networks become more diverse ( particularly if they are exposed to more diverse social networks through allege or work), but the networks of African American, Latino American, and Asian American emerging adults become less diverse (especially if they invest in activities and groups linked to their ethnicity). relation to the rest of the lifespan, friendship networks are the largest during early emerging adulthood and get smaller later on in e merging adulthood.Although women have more close friends than do men on average, mens and womens friendship networks are of equal size. Still, the friendship network on Friends did illustrate the density that is typical of emerging adults friends. It is common for many network members to share common links (working at the same place, living in the same building) or even to be friends with each other. People tend to form relationships with others in their same social situation. True to life, the characters in Friends shared roughly the same place in life when their group formed.They were single, had no or few childcare responsibilities, and were still searching for meaningful careers. More on the side of fiction, the friendship network of these television friends did not change in response to their own life changes, as is happily. Friends seldom featured the workplace, but many emerging adults find friends there as they explore career pathways and settle into adult work roles. Career stage influences the lives of single emerging-adult men, especially.These men often have large 5 friendship networks preparer, but have few friends who provide emotional or instrumental support the condemnation constraints inherent in beginning a career bring friendship networks pig to a more manageable size. Career transitions dont seem to alter single womens friendship networks in the same way?women maintain ironsides networks during their careers that are similar in size to those they had while in their late teens and early ass. The characters on Friends had many quixotic involvements, and whether emerging adults are single, dating, or married affects friendship networks.Single and dating people are strongly attached to friends, naming friends as their top companions and confidants. In contrast, romantically involved emerging adults change the time they spend with friends. Early in their relationships, emerging-adult couples spend more time with friends to enroll them to th eir new romantic interest. that as the relationship gets serious, the couple withdraws from the circle of friends. This was shown in the final season of Friends. By then Monica and Chandler had hooklike up, fallen in love, and gotten married.When the group of friends gathered to celebrate Earaches daughters first originday, Monica and Chandler instead opted to sneak away for a romantic weekend alone. Typically, withdrawal is selective, with couples spending less time with peripheral friends and more time with friends who support their relationship. A few Friends characters became parents, an event that typically happens at the end of?or even after?emerging adulthood. Although their tight friendship network remained stable, parenthood normally reorganizes friendship networks.New parents report fewer friends following the birth of a child, and fathers, especially, report less satisfying and confirmative friendships than they experienced beforehand. Family members generally do not soften (and in truth feel that they should not try) to influence who emerging adults friends are or what they do with these friends. And friendships dont often influence family relationships. Instead, some emerging adults view their friends as being family. Sexual-minority emerging adults whose families reject them sometimes adopt a family of choice from a network of supportive friends.Other emerging adults do this as well as, as shown when Friends characters spent free grace together instead of Joining their families. Likewise, it is common to hear emerging 6 emerging adults sometimes consider family members (especially siblings or cousins) to be friends. For example, Ross and Monica were siblings who offered each other companionship and emotional intimacy. Finding close ties among family members provides a fixate source of support, but being more involved with peers helps merging adults brave out some transitions better (for example, contemptible away from home).Friends and friendship networks also influence romantic relationships. For example, emerging adults often find new romantic partners within their existing friendship networks. This meaner that the diversity found within an emerging adults friendship network influences the likelihood that he or she will date someone of a different race. Friends complain loudly when too much time is spent with a romantic partner (but they are likely to support the romantic relationship if they know the boyfriend or girlfriend well).Friends support (or lack of support) for a romantic relationship affects the couples level of commitment to the relationship. Perhaps knowing this, emerging adults are sometimes selective about the friends to whom they introduce a new romantic partner. Friends can influence break-ups, but they do so infrequently. Couples dont stay together for the sake of their friends, even though there can be a high cost to good luck up with a romantic partner when they share the same friends. For e xample, throughout the series, Ross and Rachel had an on-again, off-again relationship.Each time they broke up, it break their friendship network. Why Do Friendships Matter to Emerging Adults? From toddlers to old age, we have friends. But why are they so important in the lives of emerging adults? First, friends support emerging adults individuation development. Friendships provide feelings of worth as well as opportunities for story telling and frank discussions about religion, life aspirations, moral dilemmas, and relationships. Certainly, friends banter at Central Perk not only rehashed the weeks events, but also tried to make sense of the domain around them.The intimacy forged wrought these heartfelt discussions not only helps with finding oneself, but also nurtures close friendships. Second, friendships contribute to how emerging adults feel about themselves feeling good (or bad) about your friendships coincides with feeling good (or bad) about 7 yourself. Emerging adults wh o rarely spend time with their friends are lonely. But spending time with friends who validate their feelings brings happiness (perhaps this explains why Joey was perpetually happy, despite not having much success as a which are useful during the many?and at times anxiety-inducing?transitions that merging adults face.Third, friendships support emerging adults understandings of how relationships work, and, in fact, many discussions center on these ties. Friendships provide occasions to see things from someone elses point of view. This, in turn, helps emerging adults to speculate through issues more critically and carefully. Fourth, friendships offer companionship?both in person and from afar?during what can be a lonely time. Over the past decade, emerging adults have increasingly relied upon cell phones, testing, clamant messaging, and social networking sites like Faceable to communicate with friends.Online friendships can be good ones, especially when they last long decorous to d evelop into emotionally close and supportive relationships that supplement existing friendships. On the other hand, having 800 online friends is not akin to having friends you see regularly. In the coming years, maybe well know what benefits online-only friendships serve and when it is that technologies improve?rather than undermine?friendships. For now it is safe to say that most emerging adults use technology to enhance existing friendships rather than to switch over them.Lastly, friendships involve intimacy and interdependence, and the development of these skills supports ongoing and future romantic relationships. Same-sex friends regularly discuss their romantic relationships?especially problems. Given that men find the most intimacy in their friendships with women, these friendships probably help them to develop emotional intimacy skills theyll need for other close relationships. Can Birds of a Feather Shape a pot? Emerging adults report that friends affect their major life decisions.In fact, friends behaviors affect emerging adults positive outcomes, including church attendance. Friends behaviors also influence more negative outcomes (e. . , those with aggressive 8 friends are more likely to abuse their romantic partners). Besides friends behavior, the quality of the friendship matters, with better friendships promoting positive adjustment and reducing problem behaviors. We dont yet know whether these effects are due to choosing a bird with similar feathers or birds shaping each others behavior? likely it is a bit of both. What Does Friends Teach Us about Friends?Friends went off the air in 2005, but through DVD releases and syndication it continues to illustrate core concepts about emerging-adult friendships today. This show offers key implications for practitioners working with actual 20-something friends. 1 . Friendships are important in emerging adulthood, but their importance changes as romantic relationships become more salient and stable. Amid emerging- adults numerous transitions, practitioners should ask troubled young people about and (mostly) Platonic opposite-sex friendships, in man these are less common than same-sex ones.As seen in Ross and Earaches relationship, the line between a friend and a romantic/sexual partner is often fuzzy, creating feelings of anticipation and disappointment. Practitioners should be careful not to assume that opposite-sex friendships among heterosexuals are Platonic or romantic. 3. Practitioners should strive to create environments that support friendships with diverse peoples. For many young people, moving out on their own provides their first exposure to individuals with substantially different backgrounds and ideas from their own. Interactions with these individuals can support growing maturity. . Friends are potent for better and for worse. Helping emerging adults form friendships with people who show positive behaviors (e. G. Ammonias career success) will, in turn, evoke successf ul development. Likewise, emerging adults whose friends are making poor life decisions may find it helpful to exceed themselves from these friends and align themselves with other friends who are making better decisions. 9 5. Friendships are particularly important for marginalia peoples (ethnic or sexual minorities), and efforts to form friendships with allies and similar others will serve these young people well.For some, friendship and family networks overlap. Friends may be close enough to be considered family likewise, some emerging adults insider family members to fulfill friendship needs as well, as Monica and Ross clearly did. 6. Although Friends characters were limited to cell phone use, modern- day emerging adults are as. N. Y with technologies such as testing and social networking sites to support existing friendships rather than supplant them. This appears to be a positive dimension of friendships that makes sense given that they are always on the move.But practitioners s hould encourage face-to-face interactions, particularly for very personal and life-transforming discussions?not all of lifes battles can be won or lost via Faceable. . Emerging adults weather transitions best when they maintain existing friendships but are open to forming new friendships. For example, upon moving to the city, Rachel rekindled her old friendship with Monica but established new friendships with the other four. This may be challenging for some emerging adults who prefer to stick close to family, but making friends in new settings benefits them in the long run.Throughout our whole lives?but especially in emerging adulthood, it seems?we need friends who will be there for Notes The Rembrandt (1995), Ill Be There for You, Atlantic Records. Episode 14 The One with the Cake, season 10, episode 4 The One with All the Thanksgivings, season 5, episode 8 The Pilot (The One Where Monica Gets a Roommate), season 1, episode 1 . 10 Annotated Bibliography Fall, W. A. , and Faulkner, S. L. (2000). On being Just friends The frequency and impact of sexual activity in cross-sex friendships. Journal of Social and personal Relationships, 17, 205-222.Can women and men be Just friends? These authors sampled American university students and found that some emerging adults can have platonic friendships with the opposite sex. However, approximately half of heterosexual college students have had sex with opposite-sex friends. Among those who added benefits to their friendships, some did so frequently and others only every few years. The overwhelming majority of these friends were single when sexual encounters occurred, but a third of these friendships include at least one romantically involved friend.Having sex with a friend was relationship-enhancing in some cases and quite damaging in others. Allan, G. (2008). Flexibility, friendship, and family. Personal Relationships, 15, 1-16. In a comprehensive and current overview of reindeers (including friendships in emerging adul thood), this author highlights instances where friendship and family overlap, support each other, and are in conflict with each other. A sociologist, Dry. Allan especially focuses on societal changes over the past 40 years that have allowed people to enjoy greater freedom and flexibility in forming their own personal relationships.He reflects on suffusion in relationships (the merging family and friend relationships) but emphasizes that people have distinct understanding of these two types of relationships. Bagel, C. L. , Bender, S. E. Andresens, C. L. , Kinshasa, T. L. , Monticello, S. A. , and Mueller, J. G. (2005). Friendship quality and perceived relationship changes predict psychosocial adjustment in early adulthood. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 22, 235- 254. 11 It seems that although friends agree about the quality of their relationship, each person has a slightly different view of the relationship.When friends disagreed about their relationship, they felt les s satisfied about the friendship and were more hostile. So while having friendships with positive dimensions is important, noting the extent f negative dimensions in the relationship matters as well, particularly as it can shape an individuals well-being. Barry, C. M. , Madsen, S. D. , Nelson, L. J. , Carroll,J. S. , adulthood Differential associations with identity development and achieved adulthood criteria. Journal of Adult Development, 16, 209-222. How do friendships change as emerging adults move toward adulthood?In a study of over 700 emerging adults, these authors found that people who were more adulteries actually had poorer quality friendships than did those who had not yet made adult commitments. In contrast, adulteries emerging adults had better romantic relationships. It seems that some of the stairs toward becoming an adult (settling into a career, avoiding risky behavior, etc. ) might happen because of romantic partners more than because of friends. Boost, K. K. , Cox, M. J. , Brunching, M. R. , and Payne, C. (2002).Structural and supportive changes in couples family and friendship networks across the transition to parenthood. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64, 517-531. Having a baby changes everything?including friendship networks. These authors followed 137 couples from he time they were expecting to their childrens second birthdays. Close friendships were especially important to new mothers over this time period, while their husbands friendship networks declined and became less satisfying. For all parents, having close friendships protected against feelings of depression during this transition.Crabber, J. , and Burgomaster, D. (1998). Friendship and need fulfillment during three phases of young adulthood. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 15, 393-409. 12 Changing Spirituality of Emerging Adults These scholars examined how friendship lays out in different phases of emerging adulthood defined by family roles rather than by age the s ingle phase, the meritorious-children phase, and the parenthood phase. Emerging adults rely on friends to meet social needs the most during the single phase, slowing down their reliance as they move to the married and parenthood phases.Women call on friends for emotional support more than men do across all three phases. Deck, E. L. , Laggardly, J. G. , Miller, A. C. , schemer, M. J. , and Ryan, R. M. (2006). On the benefits of giving as well as receiving autonomy support Mutuality in close friendships. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 313-327. Is it better to give than to receive support? The originators of Self-Determination Theory (Decide and Ryan, 2000) showed that receiving support from authority figures makes a big difference in peoples motivation and satisfaction.This study extends their findings to friendships, where each partner is equal in terms of their authority. Indeed, people benefit by giving and receiving autonomy support to/from their friends, but it i s the giving of such support to a close friend that matters more to a persons well-being. Admire, M. , Oxidize, M. , and Whitecap, L. A. (2007). Looking to happy tomorrows with friends Best and close friendships as they predict happiness. Journal of gratification Studies, 8, 243-271. trance friendship and happiness seem like a natural fit, the story is more complicated.Do all friends make people happy? The scholars find that spending time with a best friend makes people happy, especially when they also spend time with a persons happiness. Female, D. H. (2001). No couple is an island A social network perspective on dyadic stability. Social Forces, 79, 1259-1287. How do friends affect emerging adults romantic relationships? Interestingly, this study finds that persuasion hat friends support a romantic relationship matters more 13 than how much they actually support it.These perceptions of support from friends lead to more stable relationships, but at the same time, having a really c lose best friendship makes it less likely that a romantic relationship will endure (perhaps because the friendship competes with the romantic partnership for ones time). It seems that friendships can have both positive and negative effects on emerging adults romantic relationships. Grief, G. L. (2009). Buddy system Understanding male friendships. New York Oxford University Press. Considerable emphasis has been given to womens friendships with their hallmark high levels of emotional intimacy.The author levels the playing field in this book by summarizing extensive interviews with four hundred men to describe what makes their friendships tick, affirming the importance of friendships for the well-being of men and communities. Additional interviews with women allow for appropriate contrast between the two genders. The author presents a typology of different kinds of male friendships must (friends with whom it is critical to share important news), reliance (highly liked friends, but not as useful as a must reined), Just (acquaintances who are companions), and rust friends (long-time friends).Lastly, characteristics of male friendships from early to late adulthood are described and interwoven with meaningful life events that shape these close relationships. Hearth, W. W. , and Stevens, N. (1997). Friendships and adaptation in the life course. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 355-370. These scholars show that friendships add considerable value throughout the lifespan. Peoples expectations and descriptions of their friends change throughout life, which makes sense given that peoples thinking becomes more sophisticated. Regardless of these changes, people of all ages agree that friendships should involve both give and take.How friends engage with one another does change with age and situation. While having friends generally is a good thing for people, it depends upon the identity of friends and the quality of these relationships. 14 Letterer, A. M. , Griffin, E. M. , and Sparks, G. G. (2007). Forecasting friends forever A longitudinal investigation of sustained closeness between best friends. Personal Relationships, 14, 343-350. Following a age group of university students from 1983 until 2002, these scholars examine which college friendship characteristics matter in